![]() ![]() The results revealed that Saudi capitals experienced massive urban growth, from 1305.28 ± 348.71 km 2 in 1985 to 2704.94 ± 554.04 km 2 in 2019 (±values represent the 95% confidence intervals). We implemented a stratified random sampling design to assess the accuracy of the annual classifications and the multi-temporal urban change. Utilizing the continuous change detection and classification (CCDC) algorithm and all available Landsat data, we classified Landsat pixels into urban and non-urban classes with an annual frequency and quantified urban land cover change over these 35 years. ![]() Our study addressed this gap by producing a new annual long-term dataset of 30 m spatial resolution that covered 35 years (1985–2019) and maintained a high overall accuracy of annual classifications across the study period, ranging between 93 and 98%. Although previous studies on urban growth in Saudi cities exist, there has been no comprehensive research that focused on all 13 regional capitals within the country. This sustained development has increased policymakers’ need for reliable data and analysis regarding the patterns and trends of urban expansion throughout the country. Development and a growing population in Saudi Arabia have led to a substantial increase in the size of its urban areas. ![]()
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